Which oncological emergency is characterized by bleeding due to abnormalities in the coagulation cascade?

The condition characterized by bleeding due to abnormalities in the coagulation cascade is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). In DIC, a variety of triggers, including sepsis, trauma, or malignancies, lead to the activation of the clotting cascade. This results in the formation of microclots throughout the body, which consume clotting factors and platelets. Consequently, the body enters a state of paradoxical bleeding due to the depletion of these essential components. Patients may present with a range of bleeding symptoms, including petechiae, ecchymosis, and potentially life-threatening hemorrhages.

This contrasts with the other options: sepsis, while it can lead to DIC, is a more general term for a systemic infection and does not specifically address the coagulation abnormality; SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone secretion) primarily affects fluid balance and does not involve coagulation issues; tumor lysis syndrome involves metabolic disturbances due to the rapid breakdown of tumor cells, but again, it does not specifically relate to the coagulation cascade.