Which of the following is a hematological consequence of cancer?

A hematological consequence of cancer refers to the effects that cancer can have on the blood and blood-forming systems. Anemia is characterized by a reduction in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin, leading to decreased oxygen delivery to tissues. This can occur in cancer patients due to a variety of factors, such as bone marrow infiltration by cancerous cells, the effects of chemotherapy or radiation therapy, nutritional deficiencies, and chronic disease processes.

Understanding anemia in the context of oncology is essential for nursing practice, as it can significantly impact a patient's quality of life, energy levels, and overall treatment tolerance. In contrast, weight gain, bone growth, and improved immune response are not directly associated with the hematological effects of cancer. Weight gain may occur in some cancer patients due to treatments or dietary changes, but it is not a direct consequence of cancer itself. Bone growth typically is not a consequence of cancer; instead, many cancers may lead to bone loss or damage. Lastly, cancer often impairs the immune response rather than improving it, as the disease can disrupt normal immune function.